Finally, the ‘Empire of Nicaea’ held western Asia Minor. Lower Greece was in the hands of the so-called Latin Empire, which also ruled in Constantinople. O’Rourke: BYZANTIUM, RECOVERY AND RUIN 1220-1330 of Salonica’) controlled western and central Greece. The Greek Despotate* of Epirus (later expanded into a so-called ‘Empire

The Mediterranean sphere was divided among two Greek states and two Latin powers. They were surrounded, except on the sea-side, by the Ayyubids, viz: (a) the ‘Kingdom of Acre’ under the Hospitaller knights, and (b) the Knights-Templar Principality of Antioch-Tripoli. Two small Latin Crusader statelets, much reduced since their 12th century heyday, held enclaves on the coast of Palestine and Lebanon-Syria.

1193, in the Levant 3 the Seljuk (Turkish) Sultanate of Rum in central and eastern Anatolia and in Persia, 4 the Empire of the Khwarizm Shah.

Introduction In the early 13th century, the leading Muslim powers of western Eurasia and north Africa were (from west to east:) 1 the Almohad Caliphate in southern Spain and NW Africa: east as far as our Libya 2 the Ayyubid Sultanate, the creation of Saladin, d. Michael VIII Palaeologus, co-emperor 1259-61 with John IV Lascaris (at Nicaea), and sole emperor, 1261-82 (at Constantinople). Greek Emperors at Nicaea and Constantinople: John III Doukas Vatatzes, 1221-54. Compiled by Michael O’Rourke Canberra, Australia April 2010 Email: mjor (at) velocitynet (dot) com.au O’Rourke: BYZANTIUM, RECOVERY AND RUIN 1220-1330īYZANTIUM: FROM RECOVERY TO RUIN, a detailed chronology: AD 1220-1331 From the first appearance of the Mongols to the surrender of Nicaea to the Ottoman Turks With extensive notes on the numbers, equipment and pay of the Early Palaeogian army.

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